Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an organization established during the Civil Rights Movement. Established in April 1960 at Shaw University, SNCC organizers worked throughout the South planning sit-ins, voter registration drives and protests. The organization was no longer in operation by the 1970s as the Black Power Movement became popular. As a former SNCC member argues: In a time when the civil rights struggle is presented as a bedtime story with a beginning, middle, and end, it is important to revisit the work of SNCC and their call for transforming American democracy. Establishment of SNCC In 1960, Ella Baker, an established civil rights activist and an official with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), organized African American college students who had been involved in the 1960 sit-ins to a meeting at Shaw University. In opposition to Martin Luther King Jr., who wanted the students to work with the SCLC, Baker encouraged the attendees to create an independent organization. James Lawson, a theology student at Vanderbilt University, wrote a mission statement we affirm the philosophical or religious ideals of nonviolence as the foundation of our purpose, the presupposition of our faith, and the manner of our action. Nonviolence, growing from Judaic-Christian traditions, seeks a social order of justice permeated by love. That same year, Marion Barry was elected as SNCCs first chairman. Freedom Rides By 1961, SNCC was gaining prominence as a civil rights organization. That year, the group galvanized students and civil rights activists to participate in the Freedom Rides to investigate how effectively the Interstate Commerce Commission was enforcing the Supreme Court ruling of equal treatment in interstate travel. By November of 1961, SNCC was organizing voter registration drives in Mississippi. SNCC also organized desegregation campaigns in Albany, Ga. known as the Albany Movement. March on Washington In August of 1963, SNCC was one of the chief organizers of the March on Washington along with Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the SCLC and the NAACP. John Lewis, chairman of SNCC was scheduled to speak but his criticism of the proposed civil rights bill caused other organizers to pressure Lewis to change the tone of his speech. Lewis and SNCC led listeners in a chant, to We want our freedom, and we want it now. Freedom Summer The following summer, SNCC worked with CORE as well as other civil rights organizations to register Mississippi voters. That same year, SNCC members helped establish the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to create diversity in the states Democratic Party. The work of SNCC and the MFDP caused the National Democratic Party to mandate that all states have equality in its delegation by the 1968 election. Local Organizations From initiatives such as Freedom Summer, voter registration, and other initiatives, local African American communities began creating organizations to meet the needs of their community. For instance, in Selma, African Americans state the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. Later Years and Legacy By the late 1960s, SNCC changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee to reflect its changing philosophy. Several members, particularly James Forman believed that nonviolence might not be the only strategy to overcoming racism. Forman once admitted that he did not know how much longer we can stay nonviolent. Under the leadership of Stokely Carmicheal, SNCC began protesting against the Vietnam War and became aligned with the  Black Power Movement. By the 1970s, SNCC was no longer an active organization   Former SNCC member Julian Bond has said, a  final SNCC legacy is the destruction of the psychological shackles which had kept black southerners in physical and mental peonage; SNCC helped break those chains forever. It demonstrated that ordinary women and men, young and old, could perform extraordinary tasks.

Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 1594 Words

Why The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitate an economic crisis. Marriage is intended to be the mechanism by which humans divide and pass on property; same-sex marriage disrupts the traditional practice of passing property on to one’s children. (Allen, 961) However, the breakdown in the economic and social fabric opponents of same-sex marriage fear will not occur. Research shows that same-sex unions greatly benefit the economy at several levels and in many ways. I believe that legalizing same-sex marriage will boost the nations economy by tax revenues, adoption fess, and increases in tourism. The view that marriage is only intended for divorce is a pessimistic outlook. Legalizing same-sex marriages nationwide will not only benefit gay couples through taxes and division of property, but also it will boost the economy and open the wedding industry to the estimated 4 million homosexual couples in America. Legalizing gay marriage will bring in $20 to $40 million more dollars per year in taxes. This would boost theShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LGBTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage2317 Words   |  10 PagesCavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movementRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before maki ng the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marryRead MoreLegalization of Same Sex Marriage9779 Words   |  40 PagesTHE LEGALIZATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE AS ASSESED BY CITH M STUDENTS S.Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of International Tourism And Hospitality Management LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism By Ang, Dianne Marie M. Bayot, Donalynne B. October 2011 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION    In our generation today, homosexuals

The Failure Of Risk Management - 759 Words

Hubbard is very contemptuous of much of the Risk Management practiced by organisations. Do you agree with his comments and suggested methods of managing analysis of risks? In The failure of risk management- why it’s broken and how to fix Hubbard has put a very good argument regarding the failure of old risk management techniques. Hubbard has tried to show how the risk management methodologies and techniques used currently by many organisation lack scientific and mathematical approach towards risk management. Hubbard has asked 3 basic questions in his book based on the several risk management methodologies 1. Do these risks management methods work? 2. Dose the organisation’s using these methods know if these methods didn’t work? 3. What are the consequences if they didn’t work? In my opinion Hubbard has put the very strong argument in his book, as many organisations have adopted risk management systems. But the problem is, the systems are not backed up by measurable scientific results and often can actually make things worse. After reading the text I don’t think that Hubbard is being contemptuous of the risk management practices but he is trying to identifying new ways of better utilising these methods. After reading the book we can see that Hubbard is a strong advocate of quantitative risk management techniques such as Monty Carlo simulation. However, he believes that they are often used incorrectly. Specifically, 1. They are often used without empirical data or validationShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Failures of British Petroleum2022 Words   |  9 Pagesignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. 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Risk is not inherently bad; it is how an organization manages it thatRead MoreRisk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in the Context of Aviation Industry2041 Words   |  9 Pages Risk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in the Context of Aviation Industry Individual Assignment Managing Processes, Systems, and Projects Elective Pathway: Managing the Project-based Environment Balazs B. Varga EFT11 Date: 06/02/2012 Student id: 19700989 Word Count: 1705 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Incident root cause failure analysis 3 A. Aircraft aging and the limitations of fail-safe design 3 B. Safety by design and the failure of damage tolerance 3 C. HumanRead MoreEvaluation Of Beaumont Hospital s Risk Management1106 Words   |  5 Pagesis just as important as medical progression. Therefore, Beaumont Hospital’s risk management program consists of identifying hazard associated risks, controlling risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of procedures/practices. Risk is a part of patient care and services because everything doesn’t always go according to plan. Catastrophic patient injuries often occur because of unanticipated failures. The risk management team is responsible of effective surveillance, analysis, and prevention of eventsRead MoreWhat Determines Success Or Failure Of A Project? Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines success or failure of a project? Research by Roberts and Furlonger (2000) in a study of information systems projects show that using a reasonably detailed project management methodology, as compared to a loose methodology, improves productivity by 20 to 30 per cent. Moreover, the research indicates that 85 to 90 per cent projects fail to deliver on time, on budget and the quality of performance expected. It should be emphasized that the causes of failure to deliver on time, on budgetRead MoreEffectiveness Of Risk Identification And Analysis Of Construction Projects Of Mumbai City Of Multi Storeyed Building Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract – Risk is present in all projects irrespective of their size or sector. If risks are not properly analyzed and strategies are not developed to deal with them, the project is likely to lead to failures. Therefore, special strategies and processes should be established during the initial phases of the project and also monitored throughout the project life cycle. There are different techniques of risk identification and analysis in construction projects. Applicability of various risk assessmentRead MoreThe Failure Mode And Effects Analysis1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) can be described as a risk and reliability tool for management. The most prominent proactive risk assessment technique used within hea lthcare has been Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) (Shebl, Franklin, Barber, 2012). FMEA is an organized and qualitative tool to help physicians anticipate what might go wrong with a process or product and how the failure effects the patient. FMEA can also help find the possible causes of failures and the likelihoodRead MoreProject Management : Determining The Success Or Failure Factors1526 Words   |  7 Pagesprojects have option of success or fail due to a number of circumstances. The main controversial issue in the project management is determining the success or failure factors. Although projects have built in to be successful there are some risks can’t be avoided and that may lead at the end to failure in the near or far future (Montequin, 2014). Introduction Project management provides reasonable scientific solutions in order to overcome difficulties and achieve success. Each project has a varietyRead MoreProject Management : Common Project Failures1617 Words   |  7 Pages Common Project Failures Katina King Brenau University â€Æ' Common Project failures All project managers (PM) want their projects to meet all requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner. However, project failure is common in project management because of undefined uncertainties throughout the project. There are many reasons why projects fail and each project can have its own set of complications. Sometimes it is a single incident, but more often than not, several issues that develop over

Disgrace Of South Afric A Middle Aged White Man Essay

It all began in 1948 when an all-white government called the National Party gained power in South Africa. It was the birth of apartheid — a political and economic separation of people (Kedari 2013). The National Party institutionalized racial discrimination for nearly fifty years. Under President Nelson Mandela, apartheid was brought to an end by the African National Congress in 1994. In the novel Disgrace, author J.M. Coetzee focuses on the early moments in the disempowerment of South Africa’s white people. Protagonist David Lurie is a middle-aged white man that lives in the city of Cape Town. He is a professor at Cape Technical University formerly known as Cape Town University College (Raj). Married twice and divorced twice, David’s personality raises questions about his relationships with the women in his life. He is not ashamed to solicit prostitutes, and has an inappropriate relationship with one of his black students, a girl named Melanie. David has a daughter, Lucy, who lives on a farm in the rural part of Cape Town. As whites in South Africa, both David and Lucy witnessed the racial discriminations against blacks during apartheid. They both are struggling to understand their places in a post-apartheid era. David’s struggles began after his affair with young Melanie became public knowledge. When presented with her allegations, he pleaded guilty without inquiring about the specifics in the allegations. He was dismissed from his teaching position and, with few

Coco Chanel Free Essays

string(61) " World War I made the chances of spouses returning very low\." Final Research Paper May 3, 2012 Fashion Leader, Nazi Informant, Compulsive Liar: Coco Chanel (1918-1945) Agent F-7124, code name: Westminster. To those of you who were not involved with German Military Intelligence during World War II, you may know Agent F-7124 as Coco Chanel. Chanel has been one of the top names in high end fashion for almost one hundred years but the woman behind the brand has a shocking past that would make any customer think twice before a purchase. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chanel herself once said during the German Occupation of France, â€Å"For a woman betrayal has no sense—one cannot betray one’s passions1. Chanel held this statement true through three affairs with Nazi officers during World War II, an affair with a French textile heir who introduced her to an English aristocrat who conveniently funded her first two boutiques in Paris2. In short, Chanel slept her way to the top of the fashion industry. Nonetheless, in 1926 the October issue of American Vogue Magazine credits Chanel with standardizing fashion in a caption under her signature black dress, â€Å"Here is a Ford signed Chanel—the frock that all the world will wear. †3 And they did; by 1935 Chanel was selling 28,000 designs worldwide. Coco Chanel was born Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel in 1883 in Paris, France and was the second child to an unwed mother. Years later her parents would marry and have five more children. When Chanel was 12 years old her mother died an d her father took Chanel and her six siblings to a convent for orphans where nuns would raise them until they reached age 18. At the convent Chanel learned to sew and was able to find work as a seamstress when she left. Living on her own, Chanel started to sing in a cabaret where she adopted the stage name Coco. Military officers and upper class members of society frequented the cabaret and Chanel met textile heir Etienne Balsan. Balsan introduced her to Captain Arthur Capel; Capel would buy her an apartment in Paris and finance her first two boutiques. Chanel began by designing hats, then women’s wear, and eventually perfume. 5 As Chanel made her way into the upper class she frequently fabricated her background to hide that she came from such humble beginnings. Chanel has stated in some interviews that she was an only child and has never publically acknowledged that she was raised in an orphanage. Author Louise de Vilmorin once suggested to Chanel that she see a psychiatrist about the constant need for fabrication. Chanel replied, â€Å"I, who never told the truth to my priest? †6 There is no doubt that Chanel is recognized as an innovator of women’s fashion during the 1920s. Women cut their hair and stepped out of their corsets. They wore clothes that gave them a waif-like silhouette shape, which was a stark contrast to the curvy, maternal shape previously connected with femininity. Women also stopped protecting their skin from sunlight and began to tan. The changes in women’s fashion were said to make women feel liberated and in charge of their own fate, but whether fashion had the ability to actually liberate women is questionable. Historian Mary Louise Roberts wrote that fashion was a highly charged issue in the early 1920s. â€Å"Every aspect of female dress had not only changed but come mirror opposite of what it had been in 1900. †7 This new style for women was criticized and opposed by traditional conservatives, Catholics, journalists, and most men. The critics felt like gender lines were becoming blurred and women were no longer interested in becoming mothers; which they felt was the ultimate goal for a woman. Roberts also wrote that this new fashion was not a marker of social change rather a maker. 8 This interpretation from Roberts is very common among historians on fashion in the 1920s. Elsa Herrmann wrote that women were finally finding substance in their life, â€Å"Women were making goals and this period awakened them from their lethargy and laid upon them the responsibility for their own fate. 9 Feminist historians Caroline Evans and Minna Thornton write that fashion during this time offered women the opportunity to express themselves in a passive manner. The women suggest that it was a way for women to step into the fine arts that have been dominated by men for years. Fashion was also a way for women to use their creativity and become businesswomen. 10 Francois Baudot highlights the success of Chanel’s fashion c areer in connection with the feeling of women’s liberation: Thousands of women now began to realize that ‘poor chic’ could be the answer to social snobbery. The Chanel look, with its lines reduced to their simplest expression, shows that how clothes are worn is much more important than what is worn; that a good line is worth more than a pretty face; that well-dressed is not the same as dressy, and that the acme of social cachet was to be proletarian. 11 Baudot is suggesting that this fashion movement started by Chanel actually broke down the class barriers that had been in place in France for centuries. Should Coco Chanel be given sole credit for this powerful new image of women? 12 We must ask ourselves: what other factors influenced a social change this large? It could be said that World War I had an enormous impact on this change in women’s fashion and their feeling of liberation. Throughout this paper I will discuss how World War I gave Chanel the opportunity to start her empire. I will then focus on how Chanel was able to stay an upper class, successful women despite her treatment of the people she employed, her anti-Semitism, and affairs with Nazi officers. To fully understand Chanel’s actions one must be briefed on the context of each one. During WWI men left their families and jobs to fight. Women had no choice but to provide for their families. The brutality of World War I made the chances of spouses returning very low. You read "Coco Chanel" in category "Essay examples" France lost 81,000 military men during WWI. 13 Women in the workplace manufactured war goods and faced extremely poor conditions and were often killed themselves. 14 WWI broke down the gender barrier so that women like Chanel could make a name for themselves and express themselves more freely. Historians acknowledge the rise in consumer culture and credit Chanel as ‘the’ female liberator and this image was created of Chanel as an icon for women embracing the new look. While Chanel was talented, she was also unashamed to use herself to get ahead. Without her two affairs she would not have had the money to build her brand. For young women yearning to be designers or businesswomen perhaps Chanel’s way of achieving notoriety is not the most ethical. For some, Chanel could send the message to her peers during this time that sleeping with men for money is how you become successful and internationally known. As an older women describing her beginnings, Coco Chanel said, â€Å"I was able to start a high end fashion shop because two gentlemen were outbidding each other over my hot little body! †15 The Interwar Period created a culture of consumerism. The economy was prosperous and ready to wear clothing was new and very popular. Chanel would have had a harder time rising to the top of the fashion world without this economic boom from WWI. When Chanel’s designs were bought by the Parisian elite she was able to make personal connections to keep advancing herself and it benefitted her career. Towards the end of the 1920s her affair with the Duke of Westminster solidified Chanel into the British aristocracy. She became close with Winston Churchill and members of the royal family, which would help her out in the years to come. Together, Chanel and the Duke of Westminster were outspoken with their anti-Semitic views and homophobia. Chanel’s perfume line had been financed, marketed, and produced by two Jewish brothers. Chanel started a 17-year battle with the Wertheimer brothers to gain monetary control over the company for the sole reason being they were Jewish. 16 Once more, Chanel used her body to advance and her blatant intolerance of Judaism and homosexuality is evidence that Chanel was intolerant and yet was still in business. In 1936 French workers went on strike for higher wages and the French labor unions met with management delegations. Chanel refused to pay any wage increases and other demands brought forth. She eventually realized her fall line would not be produced unless she gave in. Chanel had no respect for the seamstresses she employed even though Chanel was once in that position herself. She employed roughly 3,000 women where the working conditions and hours were strenuous and took a toll on them. Chanel’s treatment of the female workers she felt were beneath her is not often written about but it is important to note that once Chanel had become one of the elite she wanted nothing to do with the lower class. Chanel offered no extra benefits or help to the women working for her after agreements were met. 17 Three years later World War II began and Chanel closed her shops because she felt that war was not a time for fashion. Some see this as retaliation for the labor strike years before. 18 Regardless, Chanel’s actions against the women she employed go against the idea of the liberated woman she is credited with originating. Now in the fashion industry for twenty years, Chanel had an empire and was an internationally known name. However, the general public at this time had almost no knowledge of where Chanel had come from and how she rose to success. This helped increase the idolatry and admiration women held for her. Chanel created a public persona that was idyllic. Majority of what Chanel told reporters was fabricated because Chanel was so ashamed of her background. 19 It is hard to say whether Chanel’s fans during this time would have remained as loyal if her full background was known. Looking back at the social classes in France during the 1920s and 1930s there was a strong middle class. The middle class appeared in the early 20th century and its members wanted a clear distinction between themselves and members of the lower working classes. 20 Chanel’s designs that every woman copied in the 20s had evolved into an exclusively high-end collection much like Chanel herself. Chanel resided in the Hotel Ritz in Paris during World War II after the closing of her shops. France was now under German Occupation and German military officers also resided at the Hotel Ritz. While the rest of France was strengthening their Resistance, Chanel was practically living with Nazi officers. The French Resistance amongst its citizens was huge and women were central in it. This could potentially have been Chanel’s moment to earn her status as an icon for women. Female resisters could get away with almost anything because the Nazis were so dismissive of females having power. These women were excellent at falsifying documents and identities, decoding, and transporting paperwork and they risked everything to be apart of it. 21 Chanel took absolutely no part in the Resistance but rather had an affair with Officer Hans Gunther von Dincklage who was an operative in military intelligence. 2 There are several allegations that Chanel was a Nazi spy. Chanel had become very connected in the past twenty-five years and saw herself as an asset to the Germans. There are travel records in French and British intelligence of Chanel with Nazi officers and their train schedules and dates. There is no actual proof of what Chanel did when she was a spy so she could not be convicted afte r her arrest in 1944. 23 Chanel handwrote a note to Churchill in 1944 explaining why it looked suspicious for Chanel and her friend Vera Lombardi to have such close connections with the Germans: My Dear Winston, Excuse me to come ask you in such moments like these†¦I had heard from some time that Vera Lombardi was not very happily treated in Italy on account of her being English and married with an Italian officer†¦You know me well enough to understand that I did everything in my power to pull her out of that situation which had indeed become tragic as the Fascists had simply locked her up in prison†¦I was obliged to address myself to someone rather important to get her freed and to be allowed to bring her down here with e†¦that I succeeded placed me in a very difficult situation as her passport which is Italian has been stamped with a German visa and I understand quite well that it looks a bit suspect†¦you can well imagine my dear after years of occupation in France it has been my lot to encounter all kinds of people! I would have pleasure to talk over all these things with you! I remain always affectionately, Coco Chanel Perhaps Randolph could give me news of you. 24 Many Parisians postwar took Chanel’s actions as a slap in the face to France and questioned Chanel’s loyalty to France. Throughout World War II Chanel did not partake in anything to do with fashion and is remembered in France as somewhat of a traitor. Chanel moved to Switzerland following the war and ten years later returned to the fashion scene where she was welcomed by the Americans, whom are now her loyal customers. 25 Chanel was able to stay at the top of the fashion industry for so long because she was solely in Paris until after World War II. The French perspective is key to understanding how a woman like Chanel could maintain success. The French have a harder time accepting outside culture or influence because they want to keep France ‘French’. Since the French Revolution in 1789, nationalism has been important to the French people. The national motto of France is liberte, egalite, fraternite! (liberty, equality, fraternity/brotherhood). 26 Chanel was born in France and was easily accepted by the French community because in a way she could be seen as adding to the French culture. Her styles were created and manufactured in France by French people and this was most important to them. Her success after World War I boosted the morale of women and increased consumerism throughout France. Eventually, Chanel put herself above France and her involvement with the enemy in WWII ended her reign of success in the country. Another perspective of Chanel’s life and career to explore is that of American consumers. Americans during 1914 -1945 were not unaware of the brand and style of Chanel but it was not as common across the large country like it was in Europe. When the European press slammed Chanel in 1954 after her fashion show, she went to the United States one year later. The buyers in New York were thrilled to have her comeback be in the States and alerted Life Magazine. Life did a four-page spread on the comeback of Chanel. 27 Chanel’s reputation with the Nazis did not survive the journey across the Atlantic much to her benefit. Since Chanel had always been private and untruthful in the press, the American citizens really did not know much about Chanel as a person and just had the image of her as a foreign high-powered successful designer. At this time Chanel was 71 years old. It is possible that her age was to her benefit concerning American acceptance. Chanel’s affairs when she was younger were not that important to Americans because they did not know the military officers she was involved with. News of her affairs with Nazi officers going beyond just a relationship broke out to the public in the 21st century long after Chanel’s death. Therefore, Americans had virtually no reason to not accept Chanel. In conclusion, the wild life that Coco Chanel created was what kept her career alive. The mysterious Frenchwoman caught the eyes of wealthy men who financed her career and gave her the opportunity to become a success. The booming economy and new culture of consumerism from WWI helped Chanel become a household name and powerhouse in France. Chanel had the ability to recreate herself at any opportunity she came across and she did. She could do this because she never told the truth to anyone. No one really knew Chanel until after she died. She told interviewers wrong birth dates and gave different accounts of how she was raised. She went from being an orphan to a member of the French elite then on to a British aristocrat. Her many affairs ranged from heirs to Dukes to Nazi officers and she was able to fit into each of them. Shockingly enough, all these factors are apart of the reason Chanel had staying power. Her rich clients gave her access to wealthy men and vice versa. The connections Chanel made between 1918 and 1945 were key giving her a place in every part of society in Europe. After her Nazi affairs and losing her place in Paris, Chanel had one resource left to tap and that was the United States’ fashion scene. People in the United States were eager to have the designer’s comeback be on their soil. Once famous stars started wearing Chanel, the clothing was in high demand where it stays today. No other woman but Chanel could live the life she did and get away with being called an icon. â€Å"I invented my life by taking for granted that everything I did not like,  would have an opposite, which I would like,† Coco Chanel. 28 How to cite Coco Chanel, Essay examples Coco Chanel Free Essays Fashion designer. Born on August 19, 1883, in Saumur, France. With her trademark suits and little black dresses, Coco Chanel created timeless designs that are still popular today. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now She herself became a much revered style icon known for her simple yet sophisticated outfits paired with great accessories, such as several strands of pearls. As Chanel once said,â€Å"luxury must be comfortable, otherwise it is not luxury. † Her early years, however, were anything but glamorous. After her mother’s death, Chanel was put in an orphanage by her father who worked as a peddler. She was raised by nuns who taught her how to sew—a skill that would lead to her life’s work. Her nickname came from another occupation entirely. During her brief career as a singer, Chanel performed in clubs in Vichy and Moulins where she was called â€Å"Coco. † Some say that the name comes from one of the songs she used to sing, and Chanel herself said that it was a â€Å"shortened version of cocotte, the French word for ‘kept woman,† according to an article in The Atlantic. Around the age of 20, Chanel became involved with Etienne Balsan who offered to help her start a millinery business in Paris. She soon left him for one of his even wealthier friends, Arthur â€Å"Boy† Capel. Both men were instrumental in Chanel’s first fashion venture. Opening her first shop on Paris’s Rue Cambon in 1910, Chanel started out selling hats. She later added stores in Deauville and Biarritz and began making clothes. Her first taste of clothing success came from a dress she fashioned out of an old jersey on a chilly day. In response to the many people who asked about where she got the dress, she offered to make one for them. â€Å"My fortune is built on that old jersey that I’d put on because it was cold in Deauville,† she once told author Paul Morand. In the 1920s, Chanel took her thriving business to new heights. She launched her first perfume, Chanel No. 5, which was the first to feature a designer’s name. Perfume â€Å"is the unseen, unforgettable, ultimate accessory of fashion. . . . that heralds your arrival and prolongs your departure,† Chanel once explained. In 1925, she introduced the now legendary Chanel suit with collarless jacket and well-fitted skirt. Her designs were revolutionary for the time—borrowing elements of men’s wear and emphasizing comfort over the constraints of then-popular fashions. She helped women say good-bye to the days of corsets and other confining garments. Another 1920s revolutionary design was Chanel’s little black dress. She took a color once associated with mourning and showed just how chic it could be for eveningwear. In addition to fashion, Chanel was a popular figure in the Paris literary and artistic worlds. She designed costumes for the Ballets Russes and for Jean Cocteau’s play Orphee, and counted Cocteau and artist Pablo Picasso among her friends. For a time, Chanel had a relationship with composer Igor Stravinsky. Another important romance for Chanel began in the 1920s. She met the wealthy duke of Westminster aboard his yacht around 1923, and the two started a decades-long relationship. In response to his marriage proposal, she reportedly said â€Å"There have been several Duchesses of Westminster—but there is only one Chanel! † The international economic depression of the 1930s had a negative impact on her company, but it was the outbreak of World War II that led Chanel to close her business. She fired her workers and shut down her shops. During the German occupation of France, Chanel got involved with a German military officer, Hans Gunther von Dincklage. She got special permission to stay in her apartment at the Hotel Ritz. After the war ended, Chanel was interrogated by her relationship with von Dincklage, but she was not charged as a collaborator. Some have wondered whether friend Winston Churchill worked behind the scenes on Chanel’s behalf. While not officially charged, Chanel suffered in the court of public opinion. Some still viewed her relationship with a Nazi officer as a betrayal of her country. Chanel left Paris, spending some years in Switzerland in a sort of exile. She also lived at her country house in Roquebrune for a time. At the age of 70, Chanel made a triumphant return to the fashion world. She first received scathing reviews from critics, but her feminine and easy-fitting designs soon won over shoppers around the world. In 1969, Chanel’s fascinating life story became the basis for the Broadway musical Coco starring Katharine Hepburn as the legendary designer. Alan Jay Lerner wrote the book and lyrics for the show’s song while Andre Previn composed the music. Cecil Beaton handled the set and costume design for the production. The show received seven Tony Award nominations, and Beaton won for Best Costume Design and Rene Auberjonois for Best Featured Actor. Coco Chanel died on January 10, 1971, at her apartment in the Hotel Ritz. She never married, having once said â€Å"I never wanted to weigh more heavily on a man than a bird. † Hundreds crowded together at the Church of the Madeleine to bid farewell to the fashion icon. In tribute, many of the mourners wore Chanel suits. A little more than a decade after her death, designer Karl Lagerfeld took the reins at her company to continue the Chanel legacy. Today her namesake company continues to thrive and is believed to generate hundreds of millions in sales each year. In addition to the longevity of her designs, Chanel’s life story continues to captivate people’s attention. There have been several biographies of the fashion revolutionary, including Chanel and Her World (2005) written by her friend Edmonde Charles-Roux. In the recent television biopic, Coco Chanel (2008), Shirley MacLaine starred as the famous designer around the time of her 1954 career resurrection. The actress told WWD that she had long been interested in playing Chanel. â€Å"What’s wonderful about her is she’s not a straightforward, easy woman to understand. † How to cite Coco Chanel, Papers Coco Chanel Free Essays Sha’Bella Anderson Ms. Gossett English 4 24 April 2013 Coco Chanel Coco Chanel’s designs changed the ways women dressed, looked and acted. That was a major turning point in the fashion scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now She had an impact on women everywhere. Socially, intellectually and culturally, her design style inspired many others during her time, changing women’s fashion forever. Women love fashion because it sets the stage for the sight of things. Fashion, over the years, has given the world some renowned designers and Coco Chanel tops the list. She was growing into an iconic personality since the 30’s until present time. Chanel was the first to create clothing that made women feel both attractive and useful. Chanel ran a large, successful business in the fashion industry. She made women’s clothing beautiful, comfortable and practical. She understood that women wanted a sense of style and professionalism in their fashion, Chanel said, â€Å"Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street; fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. †(Coco Chanel (1873-1971)). Chanel broke the boundaries for woman’s fashion creating clothing that would give women the freedom of movement, by the way women looked, and how they looked at themselves. Chanel’s early year is that she was an orphaned as a young child. Chanel started fashion in the 1910, making hats in Paris, but she opened her first dress shop in Paris in 1914 and then closed in 1939 of the onset of World War ll. That Chanel revolutionized women’s fashion with her straight, simple and uncorseted and above all, comfortable of Chanel look and that she popularized the short hair of women in 1920s and she introduced the shorter skirts. Chanel created the famous Chanel No. 5 perfume in 1922. . How to cite Coco Chanel, Papers Coco Chanel Free Essays â€Å"In order for one to be irreplaceable, one must always be different. † –Coco Chanel Thesis Statement: The designs created by Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel inspired an entirely new concept to women’s fashion by simplifying women’s clothing while still making it fashionable. I. We will write a custom essay sample on Coco Chanel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gabrielle â€Å"Coco† Chanel spent all her life denying her humble beginnings. A. Chanel was born an illegitimate child. 1. Chanel’s mother and father were not married when Chanel was born. 2. Chanel’s parents were not married until Chanel was fifteen months. B. Coco† Chanel was abandoned by her father and put into an orphanage once her mother passed away. 3. Chanel’s mother died when Chanel was six years old. 4. Chanel’s father put Chanel and her two sisters in an orphanage and her brother were sent to family farms as unpaid workers. II. â€Å"Coco† Chanel changed the view on women’s clothing, from tight fitting dresses to simple loose fitting clothing. C. Chanel brought the famous little black dress to the fashion world. 5. Before Chanel introduced the little black dress in 1926 black was only used for mourning, servants, and the clergy. 6. Once the little black dress became a big hit in the 1930s because they were affordable for anyone to buy. D. Chanel said that her whole career is based on a jersey that she made during a cold day in a town called Deauville. 7. A jersey was an undergarment for men and was once never used as a fashionable item for women in French fashion houses. 8. The jersey that Chanel made was simply cut from the front with an added ribbon, collar, and a knot once Chanel was being stopped in the middle of the street and asked where she had gotten the â€Å"dress† she told them all that she will make them the dress. III. In Chanel’s later years after the death of the love of her life Arthur â€Å"Boy† Chapel Chanel went through a series of intense but brief relationships. E. Chanel had numerous relationships with many wealthy men. 1. Chanel’s most indelible relationship was with a Nazi spy and the Duke of Westminster. 2. All of Chanel’s partners asked for her hand in marriage to which she all denied. F. Chanel went into exile because her reputation was tainted from her romance with the Nazi spy Hans Gunther Von Dincklage. 9. Chanel faced an ample amount of her relationship with Dincklage. 10. In result of her relationship with Dincklage she was even interrogated by the French government. G. When Chanel went into exile she had closed down all of her shops and stopped designing clothes. 11. Chanel made a comeback in 1954 in reaction to Christian Dior’s â€Å"New Look†. 12. Chanel’s said â€Å"Fashion has become a joke† (American Decades2). IV. Chanel made impacts in the world that she herself never meant to do in the beginning. H. Chanel’s work is still around today. 13. By the end of the 20th century every major fashion included the little black dress in their collection. 14. Chanel was one of the first to popularized tanning after getting sun burned while on vacation in the Mediterranean. I. Chanel still left a mark in today’s world. 15. The Chanel house now has over 100 boutiques in the world and is one of the most recognized fashion houses in the world for fashion. 16. Chanel’s success was powered by the strength of her personality, her desire for independence , and her need to be different(Business Leader Profiles for Students4) V. Chanel lived her whole life challenging social limits on women’s fashion and always succeeded. J. Chanel brought stylish and functional clothing into all her collections. 17. Chanel did something that no one else in her time was doing and that was liberating women from constricting clothing. 18. Chanel became an expert in knowing what women wanted when it came to clothing and women responded with enthusiasm(American Decades2) 19. Chanel revolutionized women’s clothing twice in her lifetime(American Decades1) VI. How to cite Coco Chanel, Essay examples

Human Resource Management for Retaining Employees -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management for Retaining Employees. Answer: Introduction The recruitment and selection process of organisations are used as a method in order to grab pool of candidates through various sources that must suit the organisations' goals. In recent times, organisations are using various technologies in recruitment and selection process and organisations must use ethics and stay relevant in implementing web-based application process. The main objective of HR department in selection and recruitment is to attract the best employees for the organisations and retain maximum talents for the benefits of the organisations. The thesis statement of the study is to highlight the impact of recruitment and selection in attracting and retaining employees for the organisation by HR department. In the first part of the essay, types of recruitments that exist in organisations will be discussed that facilitate in retaining maximum talents. In the later part of the essay, the selection procedures of the modern organisation will be explained. In the final section, the influence of recruitment and selection will be discussed on attracting and retaining employees for the organisation. Types of recruitments in organisations In an organisation, HR department can attract skilled employees through the recruitment process. There are two types of recruitment processes, internal recruitment and external recruitment. Retention strategies can strengthen the ability of the organisation to retain and attract more workforces through recruitment. In external recruitment process of recruitments, an organisation can recruit through advertisements, educational institution, online portal, employment exchange, employee referral, telecasting and labour contracts (Guedes, 2015). In the external recruitment process, it gathers huge applications for the desired posts and it becomes more effective when an organisation does the bulk hiring. In the external recruitment process, organisations get skilled employees from various spheres as it reaches maximum candidates. Various candidates from different backgrounds apply and employers have high chances to get experience as well as qualified candidates. Most importantly, organisation's HR department needs to highlight the benefits that the organisation is going to offer an organisation also gets creative ideas that would be helpful for the organisation in giving a competitive advantage. In recruiting employees who are interested in working with the organisations with high motivation, this wo uld enable the organisation to have retention. In the internal recruitment process, organisations can provide internal advertisement through e-mails and newsletters. Moreover, promotions can fulfil a post with internal employees' referrals. Moreover, the organisation can opt to have retired employees in temporary basis in order to fulfil their vacancies for a short-term basis. Internal recruitment is a perfect example to retain employees, whereas, external recruitment is helpful to attract talents within the organisation (Vickers, McDonalds Grimes, 2014). When experienced employees think to leave the organisation, HR department and higher authority can give the employees with the higher post. Internal recruitment keeps the talent within the organisation that provides benefits of having skilled and experienced workforces. When an employee leaves the organisation, it is quite possible that they may leak business secret to the competitors. Promoting internal staffs is motivating factors that recognise with being rewarded. Existing recruitment process retains the employees with capabilities that the organisation knows as well as it is cost-efficient. Selection procedures in organisations that assist in employee retention When the employees observe the fair selection process leads to the diverse workforce with satisfactory salary, it will automatically lead to the motivation and retention. It is required that selection process must avoid discrimination and recruiters must not pre-judge the candidates on their race, age, gender, creed and religion. In job advertisement, it is required to put the correct language in content and it is related to the attracting the skilled employees. The first step in selection is reviewing the candidates' application in serious notes. Analysing job requirements is important in light of the applications. The next step is to screen for interviews and HR department can conduct telephonic interviews if the employees stay far from the interview place. Screening process helps to narrow the candidate's number as eligible candidates (Taylor, 2014). The next step to take face-to-face interviews and candidates has to meet the interviewing personnel. HR managers and the hiring manager can take the interviews and personnel take the feedbacks for selection. Qualifications, experiences and knowledge are some of the characteristics in employing. Fair selection process does not follow favouritism and only eligible candidates are selected (Bryson, James Keep, 2013). After the selection, HR department tests the employees mental and physical health of the employees. Offer letters are given with telling all the details of employment. A good select ion process and unambiguous offer letters help HR department to retain maximum employees. All the employees are given induction and in this process, management tries to explain the job roles and rules of the organisation. Selecting employees from multiethnic backgrounds help the employers in getting diverse workforce and induce values in workplace culture. Good communication and helpful work culture help an organisation to retain maximum employees. Impact of recruitments and selection on organisations in attracting and retaining employees As stated by Barndao et al. (2017), electronic systems of recruitment and selection process generate the huge quantity of applications and this process enforces that more educated and technology savvy candidates must be recruited. Web-based systems of recruitment also make simply the process of recruitment for the organisations. HR department of the organisation faces a critical issue in determining if the existent employees have skills to meet performance targets. In order to remain economically competitive, HR department must focus on values and skills of the employees. As opined by Ahammad et al. (2016), employers face difficulty in managing their workforce as young employees need more career enhancement. HR department should focus on recruiting skilled employees that must match organisational requirements. Recruiting qualified employees will be helpful for an organisation to meet the goals, however, the organisation needs to attain job fairs, seminars, portal-based recruitments a nd campus recruitment. Among the employees, the intellectual relationship should be increased and employers try to make long-term relationships with the skilled employees. Through the online process of recruitment, employers get a huge advantage to attract more skilled and proficient employees. Employees also get to know about vacancy through the external recruitment process. Higher salary, motivation and career growth attract the employees to work in the organisation. Attracting more employees will be possible if the organisation has less bureaucratic structure and gap between employees and leaders is less. On the other side, in some of the small business, HR department attracts more skilled employees with higher wages as the job roles in these organisations are diverse (Carpenter Charon, 2014). Attracting of employees will be possible if the organisation flexible in work-life balance, shift timing and work-from-home facility. The first step to join in the organisation is the job roles and salary. Retention rates are described as the collective result of the individual decision in the organisation (Fruhen, Weis Fin, 2015). Employees are more likely to stay in the organisation where they feel valued. The selection process of the organisation should be fair and it should provide advantages to all irrespective of race, religion, creed, sex and ethnic background. However, in most of the organisations, the turnover rate is high due to mainly employees workload is higher than the salary; moreover, job roles do not match the employee's expectations. If the employees do not find the opportunity and career development, employees leave the workplace. In addition, stressful workplace and bad leaders are the reasons behind the high turnover. In this scenario, HR department should be transparent in work process and employees' friendly workplace can lead to the more retention. As described in Herzberg's two factory theory, there are certain elements that play as motivators in the workplace like challenging work, responsibility, recognition, involvement in the decision-making process (Shaffer, Bakhshi Kim, 2015). Moreover, HR department must ensure while recruiting that employees are going to get a salary at the proper time as well as job security, fringe benefits, paid insurance, less confinement and good pay are important in retention. In addition, organisations in recent time, trying to tap in-house talent through motivation as these employees are extremely valuable. According to Armstrong Taylor (2014), organisations have started employee referral with ethical practices that will enable to recruit employees from various backgrounds. Through recruitment and selection, it is needed to improve access to information that supports an ability to retain more employees. Conclusions It is observed that most of the organisations use both external and internal types of recruitment in order to generate the maximum pool of skilled employees. Selection process needs to be fair and it should follow ethics that would lead to generate better perception about the organisation among employees. Giving equal chances to all and not being discriminatory would help the organisation to attract and retain maximum skilled employees. HR department has its role to recognise the candidates better and analyse them correctly. Organisations need to provide opportunities to grow and advancement in career growth that would be beneficial for the employees to join the organisation. It can be deduced that the organisations should be opened in exploring the way of retention and attracting the employees aside relying more on selection recruitment as the factors cannot determine the longevity of employees. It is needed that organisations can critically examine the factors of selection and recr uitment with more fair policies that must lead to retain and attract more skilled employees. Reference List Ahammad, M. F., Tarba, S. Y., Liu, Y., Glaister, K. W. (2016). Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), 66-75. Armstrong, M. Taylor, S., (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Brando, C., Morais, C., Dias, S., Silva, A. R., Mrio, R. (2017). Using Online Recruitment: Implicit Theories and Candidates Profile. InWorld Conference on Information Systems and Technologies, 4(1), 293-301 Bryson, J., James, S., Keep, E. (2013). Recruitment and selection.Managing human resources. Human Resource Management in transition, 125-149. Carpenter, M. J., Charon, L. C. (2014). Mitigating multigenerational conflict and attracting, motivating, and retaining millennial employees by changing the organizational culture: A theoretical model.Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture,5(3), 68-84. Fruhen, L. S., Weis, L. M., Flin, R. (2015). Attracting safe employees: How job adverts can affect applicants choices.Safety science,72, 255-261. Guedes, S., (2015). The Use of Social Media within the Recruitment and Selection Process. International Journal of Human resource management, 2(2), 34-38 Taylor, S. (2014). Recruitment and selection.Strategic Human Resource Management: An International Perspective,10(6), 139-14. Vickers, G., McDonald, M. Grimes, J., 2014. A cross country comparison of best practices in recruitment and selection.Journal of Management and Marketing Research,15, 12-15

It Was the Strength of the Opposition Forces free essay sample

Many people of the world did not see the League as a good Idea. They wanted and were promised the war to end In a peace and normalize nationalism, but the treaty did not reach their expectations (Document B). It planned to prevent effects that were conflicting by using the same things for opposition. It wanted to use force to destroy force, militarism to prevent militarism, et cetera (Document A). Americans recognized that the resolutions projected and allowed by Wilson were condemned to fail. Willows administration questioned the morals included in the treaty. His Food Administrator, Hoover, wrote Wilson a letter expressing his concerns.Hoover believed the public would not stand for the wrongs In the treaty (Document D). Wilson did not agree with Hoover in that of which if the treaty was ratified, then it could be amended to please both sides. The public realized the consequences of Germanys punishments. We will write a custom essay sample on It Was the Strength of the Opposition Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John Keynes thought the victors had no right to penalize Germanys citizens and deprive them of happiness (Document F). Americans were divided in the ways of which things should have been carried out. Addams agreed that an international organization was deed; and W. E. B. DIG Bolls supported the League of Nations calling It the most forward-looking event of the century.He also stated that If Wilson was not bullheaded, the treaty would have been approved by the Senate (Document H). The Treaty of Versailles was intended to keep peace, and if fact, did the opposite. It created chaos in Eastern Europe and Germany, even without Congresss approval. Willows inability to see this caused him to give into the other leaders. They were trying to do nothing more than punish their enemies with ruthless compensations have stayed out of foreign problems (Document E). If the U. S. Had ratified the treaty, they would have been Joining the League of Nations.Two majors groups were in opposition of the treaty. Irreconcilable were completely against the Joining, while Reservations wanted a few amendments, especially against Article X. Lodge and the Reservations delayed the voting for the treaty, because if was presented right after the war, a general feeling of pity would overcome Congress and it would be ratified immediately. Lodges changes made Wilson ordered the Democrats to vote completely against the treaty with added reservations. His stubbornness and arsenal feelings against Lodge, would not allow him to accept changes made to his treaty. Also, Wilson only took one Republican with him to France from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and the committee would have first say over any ratification of the treaty. As a result of his stroke from traveling around the country presenting his idea to the public, he was paralyzed and placed in isolation for the remainder of his presidency. The treaty was not approved and Congress passed Joint resolutions with the Central powers, ending the war. The U. S. By no means Joined the League of Nations, for which President Wilson gave his life for.